The Social Bond Theory - 854 Words

In 1969, Travis Hirschi developed what is known as Social Bond Theory. Hirschi built on the work of other social control theorists and was able to provide a better picture of what social bond is. In Social Bond Theory there are four basic elements that make up social bonds. They are attachment, involvement, commitment, and belief. It is these four bonds that all humans hold and ultimately determine conformity or deviant behavior(Agnew, 1985). The four bonds are imperative in determining a person’s conformity or deviance to society. When bonds are weak, Hirschi saw that a person becomes â€Å"free† to engage in delinquency (Williams McShane, 2010). The first bond, which is attachment, deals with the relationship one has with parents,†¦show more content†¦In essence, belief deals with and individual’s conception of right and wrong and the belief that society is generally fair in the rules it holds. Obeying the law and its authorities is a big part o f belief. The more an individual obeys and conforms to these laws and rules, the less likely they will engage in deviant behavior. The weaker the belief system of and individual is, the more likely deviance will occur. When looking at belief one can see that an individual has a common set of values held by society. This would make it a consensus theory on the grounds that all of society has a common set of values. When looking at these bonds researchers are clear that all these bonds affect an individual and society. These bonds show that all individuals exhibit some bonding to society and researchers are then concerned with how much bonds need to be weakened before criminal behavior starts to take place. However, what is unclear to researchers is how the weakening of one bond can affect the strength of the others. Another concern researchers have is what kind of effects the varying degrees produce (Williams McShane, 2010). In classifying Social Bond Theory, the first point to identify is that it is representative of the Positivist School of thought. It has a focus on human behavior and pathology and believes that rehabilitation through the increasing influence of schools, family,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Social Bonds1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theory of Social Bonds Why do people abide by the rules? Travis Hirshi in 1969, believed that criminal behavior is controlled by societal ties or social bonds. The Social Bond Theory states that humans behave conventional through the power of internalized norms, conscious, and the desire for approval. When the individuals bonds breaks between the family, friends, or school, the individual then becomes free to engage in deviant and or criminal activity. This theory can be broken down into fourRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Bond Theory910 Words   |  4 PagesEven though all four components of the social bond theory are important, but I consider attachment to be a key component. With the lack of attachment in one’s life, there is no difference between doing a good or bad act as you do not have someone to impress or do not care what one might think about you. And due to the absence of attachment one might commit crime because they do not have strong ties with families and friends. Strong ties with fam ily and friends sometimes held you back from committingRead MoreSocial Bond And Social Learning Theory1570 Words   |  7 Pageson which theory of crime is most accurate. Currently, social bond and social learning theory are two of the leading theories in the criminological world. Between these two theories there are a variety of differences and similarities. In addition to these theories Gottfredson and Hirschi have published a book where they use the concept of self control to describe crime. Analyzing these three theories can be important to understanding the current criminological world. Social bond theory shows an interestingRead MoreWhat is the Social Bond Theory?1154 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many theories that try to explain why crime is committed. Theres the strain theory, the Social disorganization theory, the Different association theory and many others. But the one that I think best explains why crime is committed is the social bond theory. It is very straightforward and it explains what leads to a crime. The social bond theory states that a persons view toward a society determines if a person will be a criminal or not. This theory has some downsides to it but I willRead MoreSocial Control And Bond Theory2770 Words   |  12 Pages Social control/bond theory was developed by Travis Hirschi in1969. The social control approach is one of the three major sociological perspectives in understanding crime in our contemporary criminology. The theory holds that individuals will break the law as a result of the breakdown of the social bonds (Akers Seller s, 2004, p. 16). Control theorists believe that an individual conformity to societal social values and rules produced by socialization and maintained through social ties toRead MoreCriminology Theories And Social Bond Theory1887 Words   |  8 Pages Theories of Criminology Fall Term Paper: An Overview of Criminology Theories and Theorists The theory of Travis Hirschi, which is the social bond theory focuses on the concept of the causes and the acts of delinquency, which is what this theory is extracted from. This theory emerges when an individual’s bonds to the society and the community around them are weak or broken (Topak, 2017). The social bond theory can be described as the belief that socialization and personal relationships are significantRead MoreSocial Bond Theory Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesSocial Bond Theory Kevin Pascual Sociology 100 10/25/12 Social Bond Theory In 1969, a man named Travis Hirschi wrote and proposed something called the Social Control Theory. This theory can be applied in numerous kinds of ways when trying to address and solved social problems dealing with adolescents delinquent behavior. Before we can try to apply the Social Bond Theory, we must first understand the components and definition of the theoryRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Social Bonds1339 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished many sociological theories throughout his time that still are relevant today and have been studied by many sociologists during his time and now currently. One of the more popular theories that has been altered slightly but still used today is Durkheim’s Anomie Theory. The Anomie Theory has been studied by many other famous sociologists such as Robert King Merton and Robert Agnew. It eventually branched into what is now known as the Strain Theory. Currently, these theories are being changed andRead MoreThe Social Bond Theory Is One Of Ma ny Theories Under The1092 Words   |  5 Pages The social bond theory is one of many theories under the umbrella of control theories. Within the control theories, there is not an exact socio-historic background but there are few assumptions. Control theories take a different approach to crime than most other criminological theories. Instead of looking to solve the popular question of why people commit crimes, it looks to answer the question of why most people do not commit crimes. This theory believes criminal motivation is in fact not an individualRead MoreTravis Hirschi Social Bond Theory980 Words   |  4 PagesProtected* Populations – Examples include, but are not limited to: Children/Minors (under the age of 18) (Exception – projects conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices. Contact IRB office for guidance.) Prisoners (now includes non-publicly available secondary data) Pregnant women Fetuses and products of labor and delivery People with diminished capacity to give consent Mentally or

COMM292 Case Studies - 23202 Words

1. University of British Columbia Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 - Section 202 - Winter Term 2 2014-15 Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 - Section 202 - Winter Term 2 2014-15 University of British Columbia Table of Contents Teamwork Turmoil............................................................................................................................5 Campbell and Bailyns Boston Office: Managing the Reorganization.............................................13 The Rise of President Barack Hussein Obama..............................................................................23 2. TEAMWORK TURMOIL Tony Marshall, a second-year learning†¦show more content†¦UVA-OB-0897 UVA-OB-0897 received a dual undergraduate degree in finance and information systems. Prior to business school, she worked as an analyst for a private foundation. Martin planned to focus her career on private wealth. Despite the great amount of networking that her chosen career path required, Martin was very involved in the school community. She spent a lot of time working on projects for the Black Business Student Forum and the National Association of Women MBAs. Daren Onyealisi was originally from Nigeria and had been living in the United States for more than 10 years. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in government. Following his undergraduate degree, Onyealisi worked as a policy research analyst for the District of Columbia, then changed career paths and worked as a real estate analyst for three years before attending business school. Onyealisi was a first-generation college graduate and awarded the Robert Toigo Foundation Fellowship upon entering the MBA program.1 While Onyealisi was not very involved in the graduate school community, through the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America organization he was a Big Brother for local youths. Onyealisi planned to target the consulting industry for his summer internship. Rob Delery was the only scientist in the group and earned a BS in chemical engineering from Penn State. During his undergraduate years, Delery was a member of the Penn

Women, Technology, Engineering And Math Why So Little...

Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math: Why So Little? Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, also known as STEM, is a booming business and with its growth, huge issues of gender diversity come into play. Technological roles have been dominated by men since its existence, and the women in technology are a minority. Historically, women have been underrepresented in these fields. Because of this inequality, women are faced to overcome the male-dominated environment that is the tech world. This paper will be explaining the reasoning for stereotypes of females in STEM. Are women scarce in the technological world because of the media portrayal of women? What is the exact reason for this lack of females in this industry? My goal for this paper is to explore the reasoning behind the little number of women in the STEM fields, offer personal experience, statistics, and testimonies from intellectuals. Statistics from the National Girls Collaborative Project show that women make up half of the world’s college-educated workforce, but only 29% of the science and engineering workforce. Some studies do show that the reason women aren’t in STEM fields are because of the way they grow up. Media is definitely a culprit in this epidemic. According to the director of engineering at Facebook, Jocelyn Goldfein, there is a lack of female role models in STEM for little girls to look up to. On television, there are stereotypes of nerdy men in STEM jobs, where women are often lookedShow MoreRelatedWomen s Role For A Job Worker Of The House, Children, And Husband1305 Words   |  6 Pagesyears, women have been identified as the domestic gender, specifically for staying home to take care of the house, children, and husband. However, as women’s rights have begun to balance out with men’s, in the past century, women have been presented the opportunities to vote, enter th e military, have more of a chance to get a job in the workforce, and many other opportunities to better themselves. Women getting jobs in the workforce, specifically science, math, engineering, and technology (STEM)Read MoreBarriers Of Beliefs About Intelligence And Cognitive Abilities, Self Assessment, And Discrimination By Stereotyping1674 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature about the barriers for women going into engineering leading to the underrepresentation of women in engineering. â€Å"Only 8% of British engineers are women, the lowest proportion in Europe, and well behind Germany (15%), Sweden (25%) and top-performing Latvia (30%)† (Rankin, 2014). Over the last few years, women in engineering has become a major research topic, though a large majority of the research available focuses on STEM (Science, Engineering, Technology and Mathematics) as a whole. ThisRead MoreA Meritocratic Society Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen asked, why women choose to stay away from oft en lucrative, in-demand careers from STEM related fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics). This persistent gender disparity, particularly in higher education have sparked considerable debate and numerous written literature. This essay will attempt to look into the possible reasons for this disparity and its implications associated in the outside world. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, since 2001, women have consistentlyRead MoreThe Conflict Of Gender Discrimination1269 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggle over power exists between groups in society. In this theory, men are seen as the dominant gender and women are viewed as weak. Women are seen as submissive towards men in order for men to maintain the power and privilege in society. Conflict theorists affirm that social problems occur because the dominant groups (men) oppress the subordinate groups (women). It becomes apparent that women are treated unfairly in society when we study issues, such as The Gender Wage Gap. The gender wage gap isRead MoreDiscrimination Against The Engineering Field1527 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscrimination against in the engineering field. Through my research and judging from the articles that I found, it shows that gender stereotypes is still prevalent in the engineering field. There’s still discrimination against women in the classrooms to the process of employment and carries off to the engineering industry. The discrimination keeps women from wanting to try and be in the STEM field, thinking of the that these fields are only for men. Some areas of science do attract more women than men, such asRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Masculinity Versus Career Paths1702 Words   |  7 PagesSince the 20th century, there has been the dilemma of masculinity versus career paths. Women were expected to be teachers, nurses, etc., just because that s the role they had in society for decades before that. Men, and still are, expected to go into a career field that pays a lot of money so they can provide for their families. Those career fields are still usually STEM related. Engineers, scientists, mathematicians, doctors, lawyers, etc. It s not just because the individual wants toRead More Women in Engineering2710 Words   |  11 PagesEngineering is a field dominated by men in todays society, for many reasons. When people think about engineering they think about men with glasses and never does a women come to mind. However, there have been many studies on the skills that keep women out of engineering as a career yet there is no proof that women cannot or do not possess the skills needed to be a successful engineer. Therefore, it is thought and stereotyped that women do not have the skills to have an engineering career. Due toRead MoreIs Stem Education A Stereotype Threat?963 Words   |  4 PagesAs women we are still fighting for equality. The problem is damaging our young girls that one day will be our future. They are getting taught at a very young age of what they are meant to do and what aren’t meant to do. This issue is affecting the majority of the Latin community and therefore we have little to no girls wanting to join any STEM progra ms after high school. STEM is a curriculum based on the idea of educating students in four specific disciplines science, technology, engineering andRead MoreStereotypes Against Asian-Americans1464 Words   |  6 Pagessupposed to be good at math, right?† (Eastwood, Gerber, Lorenz Eastwood, 2008). His response confirms the argument that most people tend to automatically assume that Asian-Americans are high-achievers in the fields of math and engineering and underestimate their differences among Asian-Americans, also known as, the outgroup homogeneity effect. However, in reality, most Asian-Americans earn a Bachelor’s degree in various fields other than math, science, technology or engineering, which demonstratesRead MoreGender Norms : The Kid s Toys967 Words   |  4 Pagesknow what types of toys they should play with and what toys they aren’t supposed to play with. For example, little boys would play with cars and action figures while on the other hand girls w ould play with dolls and a tea party set. Many of the toys for girls have been shaped to show them that are supposed to be more friendly and kind. These toys have made it so that there are certain way’s little girls should act and also what things they should like. In one of the girl’s toy ad for a toy castle it

DBQ Questions - 781 Words

DBQ QUESTIONS Writing the DBQ Civil War Assess the following quote: â€Å"Ultimately, the Civil War reduced sectional antagonism and made the United States truly ‘one nation.’† ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Constitution Using information from the evidence below as well as your knowledge of the period, discuss the development of the United States Constitution as a document which ensured popular sovereignty. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The New Nation Using information from the†¦show more content†¦foreign policy during the period of 1945-1963 in combating Communist aggression in Europe and Asia? Use the Documents and your knowledge of the period to construct your response. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The Colonial Era Using information from the evidence below as well as your knowledge of the period assess why, over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries, colonists went from considering themselves â€Å"British subjects† to identifying themselves as â€Å"Americans† ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The American Revolution Using information from the evidence below as well as your knowledge of the period, answer the following question: How effectively did the American Revolution satisfy colonial goals for civil, political, social, and economic rights?Show MoreRelatedThe Woman Question Dbq826 Words   |  4 Pagescitizenship and having the right to vote. Because so many women were fighting for the same thing, many formed groups or alliances that were designed to fight against the male-driven political parties that wanted to deny them their rights. As the â€Å"woman question† became a bigger deal in politics and society, people began to form stronger opinions about whether or not they thought women should be allowed to vote. The eighteenth century in Europe began a revolution on the topic of women’s suffrage. An overwhelmingRead More1983 Apush Dbq - Example Document Based Question1056 Words   |  5 PagesJames McManus Mr. Colameco AP United States History 7 January 2013 Example Document Based Question Nearly all of the reasons for agrarian discontent in the late 19th century stem from three areas: land, transportation, and money. The farmers were fighting the perceived threats posed by monopolies and trusts, railroads, and the demonetization of silver. The American farmer during this period already had his fair share of problems which, compared to the success of the industrialized businessmenRead MoreOut of Many Ch.3 Dbq Questions. Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesCh.3 dbq’s DOCUMENT A: * How would tens of thousands of settlers immigrating to New England with this image of their own purpose shape the development of that colony? * Winthrop wants them to be a city in which everyone can copy, and look up to. They want to be a city upon a hill, literally where they can control everyone around them. They want to be a prosperous yet very close minded estate with no religious tolerance. * What kinds of settlers arrived in Massachusetts Bay, PlymouthRead MoreA Brief Note On History And History Classes Across America751 Words   |  4 Pagesvalidate sources based on their historical knowledge of the content. Teachers have wanted to assess history students like an historian using Document Based Questions (DBQ) to identify if students are grasping the historical material. DBQ’s are a series of primary or secondary sources that are used to support and argument in answering the questions or writing an essay. I selected this curriculum because DBQ’s are becoming more and more common in history classes across America. My students really lackRead MoreMath Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Information on the DBQ The required DBQ differs from the standard essays in its emphasis on your ability to analyze and synthesize historical data and assess verbal, quantitative, or pictorial materials as historical evidence. Like the standard essays, however, the DBQ is judged on its thesis and argument. Although confined to no single format, the documents are unlikely to be the familiar classics (such as the Emancipation Proclamation or the Declaration of Independence), but theirRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Imperialism1278 Words   |  6 PagesNAME DATE PERIOD ESSAY DBQ: Effects of Imperialism AP WORLD HISTORY Document-Based Question: Effects of Imperialism Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1- 13 (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an essay that: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with evidence from the documents. Uses all or all butRead MoreDemocratic features2231 Words   |  9 Pagesrelated to the causes and effects of exploration and answer questions. PLAN: handout DBQ test part A Students will analyze 6 sources, identify main ideas and answer questions asking them to identify democratic and undemocratic aspects/features of colonial America and how American democracy was a work in progress in colonial times. Assessment: tests 7th Grade OBJECTIVE: Students will be able to create an outline for a DBQ essay. Students will be able to identify democratic and undemocraticRead Moreap dbq 11003 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Name: Samantha McClure Date: October 14th, 2014 Graded Assignment Document-Based Question: Religious Views on War Complete and submit this assignment by the due date to receive full credit. (45 points) 1. To complete this Graded Assignment, retrieve the Religious Views on War DBQ. Use this document with its essay instructions and the DBQ Checklist to complete this DBQ essay. Please consult the rubric throughout the process. Using the documents, compare the views of major world religions on warRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller Monster Monopolist or Marketplace Hero5797 Words   |  24 Pagesa class, in small groups, or individually. A folder containing all of the student handouts in pdf format, including a graphic organizer for use with the ImageXaminer’s grid tool, allows for printing directly from the CD. †¢ One DBQ. On page 22, a document-based question (DBQ) asks students to write an effective essay using all of the booklet’s primary sources. Each Debating the Documents Booklet Includes: How to Use This Booklet All pages in this booklet may be photocopied for classroom use. 1Read MoreAmericas Founding Documents Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesfollowing activities. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. Check the rubric at the end of this document to be sure you are meeting the expected criteria for the assignments. 1. Articles of Confederation Read the 1985 DBQ essay question and documents on the Articles of Confederation. Carefully analyze each document and incorporate the information you gather from those documents, along with your knowledge of the events and time period, into a well-crafted essay to evaluate the

Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering) Free Essays

Developing the Future of Flight Aerospace engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the design, development, construction, testing, and operation of vehicles operating in the Earth’s atmosphere or in outer space (Stanzione). Aerospace engineers can work on many different vehicles from aircraft to deep diving vessels to high speed trains. The vast knowledge in aerodynamics, propulsion systems, structural design, materials, avionics, and stability allows them to work on just about anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering) or any similar topic only for you Order Now To become an aerospace engineer one must complete a bachelor’s degree program, usually in aerospace or aeronautical engineering. Then college graduates must take two examinations and accumulate four years of work experience in order to become a licensed professional engineer (PE). Graduates earn the title of engineer in training (EIT) after completing the first exam, which can be taken any time after schooling is complete. EITs may then begin on-the-job training to further their experience and understanding of aeronautical engineering. Once EITs have completed the required experience, the next step would be taking the second exam to become a professional aerospace engineer (education-portal. om). According to engineeringdegrees101. com, the median salary for aerospace engineers in 2011 is $92,000. When one first enters the world of aerospace engineering, one will start out as an aerospace engineer I. This is called the entry level. The average salary for an entry level engineer is $62,213 per year. After one has worked in this field for two to four years, an aerospace engineer II will be the next step up. Anyo ne at this stage is now considered an intermediate level engineer and will take home an average salary of $84,537 per year. Soon after this promotion comes the next promotion, and aerospace engineer III. At this point people at this level now earn $91,945 per year. After working in this career for five to eight years one will move up to an aerospace engineer IV where the yearly salary is $98,630. Three years later and the final promotion comes, an aerospace engineer V. At this level the annual take home pay is $119,993 in one year (1. salary. com). As an aerospace engineer I-V, one will design and supervise the construction of aircrafts and the parts that make these monsters. These engineers will be given the task to analyze results of stress tests on various aircraft and missile parts and conduct research to determine flight characteristics. As a level one engineer, one will rely on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job, and can plan on working under immediate supervision. Level two engineers will rely on limited experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals, and perform a variety of tasks while working under general supervision. As a level three engineer, one will rely on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals while performing a variety of complicated tasks. As a level four and five, engineers will rely on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals and perform a variety of tasks, and now get to lead and direct the work of others as a reward for all the hard work put in through out the years (1. salary. com). Sciencebuddies. org says that most aerospace engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or plants, but not all work indoors. Some may work outdoors at construction or test sites monitoring or directing operations. Other engineers spend countless hours away from home traveling from worksite to worksite all around the world overseeing the production of things or having to fix problems. Many engineers work forty hour weeks, but sometimes deadlines on a project will force them to work longer hours in order to get the project done on time. When students are in college, or fresh out of college, and do not have a job or any extra money, one solution would be doing an internship. Internships will often offer several thousand dollars to be used for education related expenses, or just to spend however the intern wishes. Students that are planning to go into aerospace engineering can do internships with related companies such as NASA, Boeing, and Lockheed. Such companies would love to have a young adult come in and start learning the way things are done, knowing that some of the best workers are going to be leaving and are in need of people to take these veterans’ place. Perhaps the greatest benefit of the aerospace industry for professionals is in terms of annual salary. Aerospace engineers, for example, make $92,000 annually on average. This salary is the base salary for engineers, with many companies providing profit sharing and other plans that bring the annual salary up. Another important benefit for aerospace professionals of all types is the basic health, dental, and vision benefits. Most major aerospace companies provide extensive health and medical benefits, which are investments on the company’s part toward a healthier and more productive workforce. Dental and vision benefits are nice perks for aerospace professionals and those with families can usually include children and spouses on their plans. While salary and basic benefits are great ways for aerospace professionals to offset the stresses of the job, there are a number of other perks that keep talented workers in the industry. Many aerospace companies provide consumer loans to the employees for the purchase of automobiles, condominiums, and other living necessities. Finally, commercial and civilian aerospace companies will often provide airline discounts for workers and immediate families. Finally, there are two mainstays of the aerospace industry which are crucial for professionals to stay at jobs over a long period of time. Most aerospace companies provide paid leave, typically four to six weeks annually, which is meant to give professionals time to unwind and leave the desks or work stations for a little while. As well, a long term human resources investment for these companies comes with the pension program. Aerospace companies will often match a certain level of employee contributions in order to keep skilled workers from leaving for jobs with rival companies. Works Cited Page â€Å"Aerospace Engineering — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. † Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Ed. Kaydon A. Stanzione. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/7364/aerospace-engineering. â€Å"Aeronautical Engineer: Educational Requirements. † Research Schools, Online Courses, Degrees and Careers at Education Portal. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. http://education-portal. com/articles/Aeronautical_Engineer_Educational_Requirements. html. â€Å"Engineer Salary – How Much Do Engineers How to cite Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering), Papers

Preservation of Significant Historical Buildings Act 2017 Free-Samples

Question: Using IRAC and Statutory Interpretation law only, outline an argument in Wallaces defence. Answer: Issue: Based on the facts, the issue that arises here is whether Wallace can be held liable under Section 4 of the Preservation of Significant Historical Buildings Act 2017 and if yes, then what are the available defences for him in his favour? Relevant Rules and Legislation: The process of statutory interpretation includes the action of the Court in which they apply legislation and rules to any case scenario. A certain amount of interpretation is very important when a case involves usage of any given statute. However, in many cases there is ambiguity and vagueness that the Judges have to resolve[1]. Thus, in such cases Judges use some other tools and method for statutory interpretation. Ideally, the judges follow the following rules for interpretation of any given statute: The Mischief Rule The Golden Rule The Literal Rule In Darwin Northern Territory, the Interpretation Act, 1901 is applicable. Section 15AA of the Act states that while interpreting a provision of an Act, the interpretation which is best to achieve the purpose or object of the Act is to be preferred to be accepted as the best interpretation. Moreover, Section 62A of the Act also states that while interpreting the provision of an Act the construction that helps in achieving the purpose or object of the Act shall be accepted as the best interpretation by the Court. The mischief rule is contained in Heydons Case as per which the following four things needs to be collected for proper interpretation of the statute: The common law that existed before the making of the Act The existing mischief or defect, which the common law did not provide The remedy that the Parliament resolved and the cure of the disease The reason for the given remedy and then the function of the Judge is to make the interpretation of the statute in such a manner so that the mischief is suppressed[2]. The mischief rule was applicable when statutes were a minor source of law in comparison to the common law. The Courts would identify the hidden mischief in lengthy preamble of the Acts and they would apply the same in any given case. The Law Commission of Australia has regarded the mischief rule to be the best than the other two rules of statutory interpretation[3]. The literal rule, as the word in itself suggests that the words of the statutory were interpreted the way it was, meaning as it is. The Courts have applied literal rule in many instances such as Whiteley v. Chappel in which the Judge had encouraged precision while drafting laws. On the contrary, there were many Judges that have criticized the the literal rule on the ground that it is interpreted the way it is written and that many other Judges overemphasize the written meaning of the given statute[4]. According to some Judges Courts may sometimes depart from the ordinary meaning leading to absurdity[5]. In the case of Grey v. Pearson, it was held that the grammatical or ordinary sense of the words should be complied with unless the same leads to some absurdity. In such cases, the grammatical or ordinary sense of the statute can be changed so that there is no inconsistency[6]. Thus, the applicability of the correct type of interpretation rule depends completely on the given case scena rio. Application: In the given case as well, Wallace Gromit demolished the stage where Henry dies and the shrine. As per the information given in the case study, Wallace Gromit was the owner of the pub at Alice Springs that was built in late 1980s. The pub was an unremarkable construction which was not renovated since long. A popular pop band named Two Directions performed at the pub however one of the popular band member died because of lightning. The fans received a huge shock and since then they stopped visiting the pub. This made Wallace demolish the pub however, Wallace was charged under section 4 of the Preservation of Significant Historical Buildings Act 2017. According to section 4 of the Act, It is an offence for any person to damage, destroy or otherwise interfere with a building of historical or cultural significance and a person doing so shall be charged with the penalty of 5000 dollars as fine. However, Wallace cannot be charged under Section 4 because if the definition of the word histor ical or cultural significance is taken into consideration then it says that historical means having cultural value to a significant proportion of the population. However, the Pub cannot be regarded as a historical building as it does not create a historical value to a significant proportion of the population. A pub, even if established late in 1980s cannot be regarded to create historical impact on the people. Secondly, the definition of the word damage, means and includes causing permanent and significant alterations to a building. However, if the actions of Wallace are taken into consideration then only the stage was demolished by Wallace where Henry died. He did not demolish or damage the entire building. He simply changed or modified the structure of the building and not completely destroyed it. The word damage as per section 4 of the Act means completely destroying or damaging the building. Wallace did not completely demolish the building but only destroyed a part of it as it w as restraining him from earning proper revenue. Thus, it may held here that Wallce actions are not against section 4 of the given Act. The arguments of Wallace are prepared following the golden rule of interpretation. In which if the meaning of the original statute is not understood from the words used in the statute then changes or modifications may be made in the words of the statute. The same rule has been applied in the given case as well, since the words of the Act were not clear especially in its meaning of damage and historical significance and meaning of section 4 of the Act. Conclusion: Finally, it may be concluded that Wallace cannot be held liable under section 4 of the Act and the necessary arguments was presented in his favour in the assignment. References: Bressman, Lisa Schultz, and Abbe R. Gluck. "Statutory Interpretation from the inside-an empirical study of congressional drafting, delegation, and the canons: Part II."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 725. Gluck, Abbe R. "The Federal Common Law of Statutory Interpretation: Erie for the Age of Statutes." (2013). MacCormick, D. Neil, and Robert S. Summers.Interpreting statutes: a comparative study. Routledge, 2016. MacCormick, D. Neil, Robert S. Summers, and Arthur L. Goodhart, eds.Interpreting precedents: a comparative study. Routledge, 2016. Plucknett, Theodore FT.Statutes and their Interpretation in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Posner, Richard A. "Comment on Professor Gluck's Imperfect Statutes, Imperfect Courts."Harv. L. Rev. F.129 (2015): 11 Posner, Richard A. "Comment on Professor Gluck's Imperfect Statutes, Imperfect Courts."Harv. L. Rev. F.129 (2015): 11. MacCormick, D. Neil, and Robert S. Summers.Interpreting statutes: a comparative study. Routledge, 2016. Plucknett, Theodore FT.Statutes and their Interpretation in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Gluck, Abbe R. "The Federal Common Law of Statutory Interpretation: Erie for the Age of Statutes." (2013). MacCormick, D. Neil, Robert S. Summers, and Arthur L. Goodhart, eds.Interpreting precedents: a comparative study. Routledge, 2016. Bressman, Lisa Schultz, and Abbe R. Gluck. "Statutory Interpretation from the inside-an empirical study of congressional drafting, delegation, and the canons: Part II."Stan. L. Rev.66 (2014): 725.

Census of Population & Housing-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about ABS New Census and extracting Information from that. Answer: Introduction Demographic information are widely used in the surveys especially the census so that they can help the government to prepare and deal with issues and demands of growth in population Bouma (2016). Collecting this kind of data will bring fairness in the distribution of the resources depending on the tastes as in the generations of the day. Australia as a country has its majority speaking English only then followed by other languages. The latest census report by the (ABS, 2016) stated that apart from English, other languages that were spoken in Australia were Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese and Vietnamese among other languages. Arabic was spoken in the country by a total population of 287,174 people which was represented by 1.3% of the entire Australian population, this is according to (ABS Census, 2011). Growth has been observed in population of Arabic speakers in the past few years since the last census. Results and discussion of results A larger proportion of population of Arabic speakers who were resident in Australia were from Middle East countries while others were Australian origin and the rest were from west and North Africa. 4.4% of the overseas born Australians were Arabic speakers as reported by ABS (2016). Lebanon origin took the largest proportion of the Arabic speakers as represented by 27.5% in Victoria and 30.9% in the entire Arabic speakers in the country. Most Egyptians whose first language was Arabic resided in Victoria as represented by 10.9% against 7.5% who were within Australia. Iraq origins were represented by 7.9% in Victoria while their population in Australia was represented by 5.2%, Kuwait origin residents in Victoria was represented 1.6% in Victoria whereas they were represented by 1.0% of the entire Australian population. The Sudan migrants in Victoria was represented by 1.7% who were also Arabic speakers and their entire population in Australia was represented by 1.9%. Arabic was one of t he highly spoken language among the non-English speaking groups as it has increased since the previous years by 18% in Australia and 13.5% increase in Victoria. The census showed that the Australians who were Muslim, the majority of around one third were from Victoria. Not all the Arabic speakers were Muslim as only 42.8% Lebanon origin Arabic speakers were Muslim while the remaining proportion 57.2% were in other religions, the Iran origin Arabic speakers who were in Islam were represented by 40.1% while others were either in other religions or no religion. The country has in the recent past recorded low Lebanese who were Muslim as immigrants (i.e. 550 Islamic Lebanese) in a year. ABS reported that the rise in the Islamic community would not be as a result of immigration of the Muslim to the country but from birth of the Muslim residents in the country. Female gender was highly populated in Victoria than their male counterpart with 50.9% and 49.1% respectively, this was according to ABS census (2016). Though the female gender percentage was higher than that of male gender, the difference was by a small margin i.e. (1.8%). The population comprised of the people of all the origin including non-Arabic speakers. The male Arabic speaker in the country were represented by 50.8% of the total Arabic speaker in the country against 49.2% that of the female Arabic speakers in the country. This shows that there were more male Arabic speakers than the female Arabic speakers in Australia. The arrival of the Arabic speaking people especially from middle east Lebanon for that matter have been stable since 1992 and this was as a result of Australian government ease entry restriction rules during the outbreak of civil war back in 1975, this was as reported by Department of Immigration and Citizenships (DIACs) Community Information Summary for Lebanon. Gulf war in Iraq had made the number of the people born in Iraq rising since 1991 which had been seen to range from 825 to 2,594 people in each year. Generally, the Arabic speakers immigrants had low level of education qualifications as this can be confirmed by a whopping 55.9 % of the entire Arabic speakers population in Australia. Being that most of the Arabic speakers were from Lebanon, Lebanese with lower level of academic qualification was represented by 34.2% while the other from the rest of the world were represented by 43.2%, ABS (2016). Arabic speakers were scattered all over the states of Australia. Victoria being one of the states with the highest population (i.e. 56,000) of arabic speakers, the population was found to have spread in places like Banyule, Brimbank, Casey,Darebin, Hobson Bay, Maribyong, Yarra etc. in Victoria. Conclusion From the census results, we can therefore conclude that not all the Arabic speakers were Muslims. This was confirmed by the number of Lebanese Arabic speakers immigrating to the country who were not Muslims being represented by 57.2%. Further, the results confirmed that the rise in Islamic community was as a result of birth by the Muslim residents but not immigration as it might be thought. Additionally, it can as well be concluded that most of the Arabic speakers were not highly educated as the low education level was registered to 55.9% amongst them. The Arabic speaking community was represented by 1.4% of the entire population in Australia. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2016), Census of Population and Housing. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2011), Census of Population and Housing. Bouma, G. D. (2016). The role of demographic and socio-cultural factors in Australias successful multicultural society: How Australia is not Europe. Journal of Sociology,52(4), 759-771. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~25 https://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_service/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/2?opendocument https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/Media%20Release3 https://www.fenton.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/arabic.pdf https://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_CENSUS2011_B1